Grupul Carpatin Făgărășan

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Le Grupul Carpatin Făgărăşan (Groupe de Fagaras dans les Carpathes), est un groupe de résistance armé au communisme qui fut actif dans les montagnes des Carpathes de la fin des années 1940 au milieu des années 1950.

Contexte général

Le nombre exact de groupe de résistance anti-communiste ayant existé en Roumanie au lendemain de la guerre n'est pas connu avec exactitude. Les archives de la Securitate ne contiennent pas un inventaire total de ceux-ci, mais uniquement des recencements partiels qui varient d'une année à l'autre. La fondation Luptătorii din Rezistenţa Armată Anticomunistă (Les combattants de la résistance armée anti-communiste) a, quant à elle, dénombré plus de deux cents groupes.

Les experts du Consiliul National pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securitatii (Conseil national pour l'étude des archives de la Securitate) ont identifiés dix-neufs centre de résistance de l'Obcinile Bucovinei au Banat et de la Maramures aux forêts de Babadag. Ceux-ci ne dépendaient pas d'une direction unique et ce manque d'unité était à la fois une force et une faiblesse car il les rendait difficile à pénétrer et à détruire. Les résistants ne se désignaient pas comme des "partisan" – car ils ne défendaient pas les positions d'un parti - mais comme des "haiduci” c'est-à-dire “hors la loi" car ils combattaient le système. Leur but était de durer jusqu'au déclenchement d'une nouvelle guerre mondiale, considérée comme imminente, entre les Anglo-Américains et les Russes, lors de laquelle ils auraient aidé l'offensive anglo-américaine à libérer leur pays.

La Roumanie sortit de la deuxième guerre mondiale comme un État défait et fut traité comme tell par les démocratie occidentales et les soviétiques. En cette période de désespoir, la résistance armée anticommuniste commença dès mars 1944, en Bukovine, quand les soviétiques entrèrent sur le territoire soviétique. Elle fut organisée par des officiers de l'Armée roumaine.

La résistance armée s'organisa alors dans toutes les montagnes de Roumanie. A l'automne et durant l'hiver 1944, les Allemands parachutèrent des groupes de résistants derrière les lignes avec comme mission de lutter contre l'armée soviétique quand la Wehrmacht reprendrait l'offensive. Ce moment n'advint jamais. Certains commandos furent identifiés et démantelés, certains autres se dissimulèrent et restèrent dormant jusqu'en 1948.

En 1945, avec l’avènement d'un gouvernement communiste dirigé par Petru Groza, les libertés furent graduellement supprimées et le règne de la terreur s'installa.

En 1946, certains espéraient encore bénéficier d'élections libres et d'un soutien des puissances occidentales. A partir de cette année la résistance militaire anticommuniste s'accrut et des officiers supérieurs la rejoignirent.

En 1947, there was an understanding between all anticommunist forces, which included the Partidul Naţional-Ţărănesc (National Peasant Party), Partidul Naţional Liberal (National Liberal Party), Mişcarea Legionară (the Legionary Movement), the Romanian Army groups, student organizations and other forces.

In 1947 hundreds of people from Fagaras were ready to oppose the Communist rule imposed by the Red Army using their weapons.

During 1948, most of the active students from Fagaras were arrested. Also there were arrested most of the “Fratilor de Cruce” (Brothers of the Cross) from High School "Radu Negru.

The few students and students that eluded the arrest setup the core of the resistance group founded on the Northern slope of the Fagaras Mountains. In the eastern part of Fagaras county was organized the group "Vultanul" (the Eagle) led by the teacher Pridon, from Pirau, retired Captain, ex- volunteer in the Romanian Army in the First World War. Beside him are Marcel Cornea (student), Ioan Boamfă (gymnasium teacher) and young Ioan Buta. “Fratii de Cruce” (Brothers of the Cross) Ion Mogoş and Nicolae Mazilu, released from prison, gathered in an organization the youth from the villages that are around Fagaras, and through Victor Ioan Pica have reestablished the Brotherhood at "Radu Negru".

Description [edit]Amongst the resistance groups from the mountains it is included the Fagarasanul group, initially known as “Hasu gang”, “Hasu-Gavrila gang”, “Gavrila gang”. The "Ion Gavrila - Ogoranu" group from Fagaras is one of the most known. For nearly eight years, "Gavrila gang" fought the Securitate forces dozens of times. Winter, the members, never more than 30, sought refuge at the homes of peasants at the foothills. Seldom, some of them stayed in the mountains during the winters, but it was more dangerous because food was scarce, the footsteps were easy to trace in snow, and the trees were leafless and Securitate squads could find them easier. In order to help the “Gavrila Group”, the teacher Olimpiu Borzea from Viştea de Jos - Brasov, organized a network of hundreds of people. It followed long years of clashes with the regime forces: Militia, Securitate or even with the regular active army. In the 146 Securitate's prosecution files were mentioned 108 actions against the group, divided by years as follows:

7 actions in 1951 15 actions in 1952 23 actions in 1953 25 actions in 1954 18 actions in 1955 4 actions in 1956.[1] Gradually the group members are captured, sentenced to long years of imprisonment or killed. By 1955, almost all of Gavrilă’s men were killed or captured through treason.

Ion Gavrilă - Ogoranu was the only one who escaped and avoided the last minute trap the other eight comrades fell into it. A liaison, who proved later to be recruited by Securitate, promised to cross them over the border. Gavrila refused to leave the country, and after learning what happened to the others, hid for 21 years at Ana Săbăduş of Galtiu – Alba County. The two were married in secret. Ion Gavrilă - Ogoranu died on May 1, 2006.

General features [edit]Without a single command on a national level in order to coordinate the actions, without having a constant external link, with different tactics and strategies, the outcomes were not important. It can be said that the anticommunist resistance was destroyed in 1962. The Fagarasan resistance, as well as the anticommunist resistance throughout the country, according to the contemporary documents, had three characteristics:

1. national feature: "The heterogeneous composition of the resistance groups, both in terms of social background and political orientation is demonstrated by the documents existing in the archives of repressive bodies. Thus, from a statistical statement made by DGSP in 1951 it is revealed that, for those 804 persons arrested as members or supporters of those 17 groups of resistance in the mountains, the professional situation was as follows: 558 farmers from different states, 71 workers, 30 petty bourgeois, 17 officials, 15 priests, 15 merchants, 13 military and others. For the same "sample" the political affiliation has the following configuration: 88 former members of Partidul Naţional-Ţărănesc - Maniu (National Peasant Party – Maniu), 79 former members of the Frontul Plugarilor (Front of Plowmen), 73 former Legionnaires, 42 former members of the Partidului Comunist Roman (Romanian Communist Party), 15 former members of the Partidul Naţional Liberal – Bratianu (National Liberal Party – Bratianu) and others. " [2]

"It was a national movement not through a single operation command or a single personality to unite various groups, but the national character must be understood through the terms of ethnic, social and political members composition, by its more or less ephemeral links established between different groups, with the sole aim pursued - removing the communism".[3]

2. Christian feature: "Abolition of the Greek-Catholic Creed on December 1, 1948 and the oppressive measures taken against the believers and priests of this cult have caused themselves the flee into the mountains of the persons pursued by Securitate labeled as " nereveniţi" (unreturned). Also from religious reasons Orthodox or neo-Protestant believers and hierarchs clergy fled into the mountains or supported the anticommunist armed struggle". .[4]

3. anticommunist character: “the main goal pursued by these groups can be easily shown: the removal of established communist regime in Romania" [5]

Tactics and strategy of the Carpathian Group Fagarasanul [edit]They roamed in the most compact massif in Romania, Fagaras Mountains: 100 km length and 60 km width, without roads and covered in woods.

The group consisted of young people known to each other, grew up together, knew their strengths and weaknesses, they were born at the foothills and they felt themselves in the mountains as they were at home.

They have expanded their activity over an area as larger as possible: all Fagaras and Persani mountains, forests of Transylvania to Racoş, Sighisoara, Medias, Sibiu, in order to dissipate the forces sent against them. They didn’t have a central area of resistance, an error that most of other groups in the country did, because once the center of resistance was discovered, Securitate could brought as many security forces it was needed so they could destroy the group.

They were helped by the population: "In these years we found in the Romanians’ souls, often humiliated and ignored, so much magnanimity and so much beauty, so not one life, but a thousand lives are worth to sacrifice for".[6]

Over 1,000 families have suffered because of vengeance of Securitate. Hundreds of families in all villages from Tara Oltului were suspected by Securitate that provided support to Fagarasanul Group. We must not forget the hundreds of shepherds in Arges and Muscel or rangers in the Fagaras area. Unlike other resistance groups located in the mountains who didn’t have any survivors, many members of the group were still alive after 1990: Ion Ilioi, Gilu Rades, Olimpiu Borzea Ion Grecu, Victor Ion Spada, Dumitru Moldovan, Ion Gavrila - Ogoranu, Dr. Nicolae Burlacu, teacher Elisabeta Malene, priest Victor Dâmboi.

"What drove us here was the love of this nation, free from pettiness. We learned to look at our nation, as well as anything in the world, in terms of love. YOU ARE IF YOU LOVE, AND YOU GET AT A HIGHER LEVEL IF YOU SACRIFICE YOURSELF FOR THIS LOVE".[7]

"We do not admire our nation, nor seek to understand and study it under we don’t know what principle invented by the human mind. We love it. As it is. As a child loves his parents. And we would not change it for any other country, even in thought, as any mother in the world would not change her baby. In our hearts and minds, we never harbored the dreams and thoughts of emigration to we don’t know what happy country. We want to stay here partakers of the pains and joys of the people, of its destiny, in the wave in which we want to melt our destiny".[8]

“And especially we felt God's hand in the black hours, when our poor human strengths would had lead us to death and despair. Here on the mountain peaks, we felt the Lord's words that told us that without Him we cannot do anything. And us, through our suffering, we learned to love Him. Because until you are not suffering, even a slap or a swearing for no reason, until then you cannot understand the drama of Golgotha. These thoughts, tormented in the long winter nights, buried in snow on the peaks of the Carpathians or during the watches with the weapons in our hands, we are dedicating to you, young people from villages and towns as a sign of our love for you, as some who will be given, when we will not be, the chance to see and to fulfill the great and brilliant Romanian victory." [9]